{"id":28910,"date":"2026-04-24T01:56:33","date_gmt":"2026-04-24T01:56:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/?p=28910"},"modified":"2026-04-24T01:56:33","modified_gmt":"2026-04-24T01:56:33","slug":"the-ultimate-guide-to-choosing-a-cement-brick-making-machine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ar\/the-ultimate-guide-to-choosing-a-cement-brick-making-machine\/","title":{"rendered":"The Ultimate Guide to Choosing a Cement Brick Making Machine<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"

How to Choose a Cement Brick Making Machine: A Comprehensive Buyer’s Guide<\/span><\/h1>\n

Investing in a cement brick making machine is a pivotal decision for any builder, contractor, or entrepreneur. This isn’t just a tool purchase; it’s the foundation of your production capability, product quality, and ultimately, your profitability. The wrong choice can shackle you with production bottlenecks, inconsistent bricks, and frustrating financial losses.<\/span><\/p>\n

With decades of combined industry experience, we’ve seen the good, the bad, and the inefficient. This guide is designed to cut through the marketing jargon and translate complex technical specifications into clear, actionable advice. We’ll walk you through a proven decision-making framework—from a deep understanding of your own needs to a critical evaluation of machine specs and supplier credibility—to ensure your investment builds a solid future.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Understanding Your Project Requirements (The Foundation of Your Choice)<\/span><\/h2>\n

Before you look at a single machine brochure, you must look inward. This self-assessment is the non-negotiable first step. Skipping it is the most common and costly mistake buyers make. Let’s build your project’s foundation.<\/span><\/p>\n

Assessing Your Production Volume & Scale<\/span><\/h3>\n

Your required output dictates everything. Be brutally realistic.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Daily\/Weekly Output:<\/span><\/strong> Calculate not just your current needs, but your projected growth for the next 2-3 years. Are you aiming for 500 bricks per day or 5,000?<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Project vs. Continuous Production:<\/span><\/strong> Is this for a specific, time-bound construction project, or for ongoing commercial sale? A project might justify a different machine than a permanent plant.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Scale Definition:<\/span><\/strong>\n
      \n
    • صغيرة النطاق:<\/strong> Typically under 1,500 bricks per 8-hour shift. Often served by manual or semi-automatic machines.<\/span><\/li>\n
    • على نطاق واسع:<\/strong> Commercial operations requiring 2,000 to 10,000+ bricks per shift. This is the domain of fully automatic machines.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Defining Your Brick Specifications<\/span><\/h3>\n

      يجب على الآلة أن تنتجproduct<\/span><\/em> you need to sell.<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • نوع الطوب:<\/strong> Identify your primary product. Is it solid blocks for load-bearing walls, hollow blocks for insulation and lighter weight, paving slabs, or specialized interlocking bricks for landscaping?<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Size & Molds:<\/span><\/strong> Do you need standard sizes (e.g., 4x8x16 inches) or custom dimensions? The ability to easily change molds expands your product line.<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Strength & Quality:<\/span><\/strong> What is the required compressive strength (e.g., 1000 psi, 2000 psi)? The desired surface finish (smooth, rustic) is also influenced by the machine’s molding pressure and vibration.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        تحليل توافر المواد الخام<\/h3>\n

        The machine must work with what you have locally.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        • نوع المادة<\/strong> What is your mix design? Portland cement, fly ash, sand, stone dust, or quarry waste? The proportion and properties matter.<\/span><\/li>\n
        • الاتساق<\/strong> Are your aggregates consistent in size and moisture content? Inconsistent materials require a machine with a robust and adaptable mixing\/vibration system.<\/span><\/li>\n
        • Machine Influence:<\/span><\/strong> A mix with large, rough aggregate may need a more powerful hydraulic system. Fine, sandy mixes require precise vibration to achieve proper compaction and strength.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
          \n

          Key Types of Cement Brick Making Machines<\/span><\/h2>\n

          Understanding the core technologies available is crucial. Each type represents a different balance of capital, labor, and output.<\/span><\/p>\n

          آلات صنع الطوب اليدوية<\/h3>\n

          These are human-powered presses with minimal to no mechanical assistance.<\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          • عملية<\/strong> Operators manually fill the mold, apply leverage to compress, and strip the brick.<\/span><\/li>\n
          • مزايا:<\/strong> Very low initial cost, zero electricity needs, highly portable, simple to maintain.<\/span><\/li>\n
          • سلبيات:<\/strong> Extremely low output (100-400 bricks\/day), highly labor-intensive, product consistency depends entirely on operator skill.<\/span><\/li>\n
          • مثالي لـ:<\/strong> DIY projects, very small-scale startups in remote areas with no power, or producing specialty bricks in tiny batches.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            آلات صنع الطوب شبه الأوتوماتيكية<\/h3>\n

            This category strikes a critical balance, automating the most critical phase: compaction.<\/span><\/p>\n

              \n
            • عملية<\/strong> Often feature an automatic vibration and compression system (powered by electricity or diesel), but require manual feeding of raw material and removal of finished blocks.<\/span><\/li>\n
            • مزايا:<\/strong> Significantly higher and more consistent output than manual machines (800-2,500 bricks\/shift). Good quality control. Moderate investment and power requirements.<\/span><\/li>\n
            • سلبيات:<\/strong> Still requires a steady labor crew for feeding and block handling.<\/span><\/li>\n
            • مثالي لـ:<\/strong> Small to medium-sized businesses, growing contractors, and markets where labor is affordable but consistency is valued.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              آلات صناعة الطوب الأوتوماتيكية بالكامل<\/h3>\n

              These are complete production systems, often with a conveyor belt setup.<\/span><\/p>\n

                \n
              • عملية<\/strong> Fully automated from raw material feeding and mixing to molding, curing, and sometimes even palletizing stacked blocks. Often controlled by a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC).<\/span><\/li>\n
              • مزايا:<\/strong> Very high, consistent output (3,000-10,000+ bricks\/shift). Drastically reduced direct labor needs. Exceptional product uniformity.<\/span><\/li>\n
              • سلبيات:<\/strong> High capital investment, significant power consumption, complex maintenance requiring skilled technicians.<\/span><\/li>\n
              • مثالي لـ:<\/strong> Large-scale commercial block yards, industrial plants supplying major construction projects, and businesses focused on maximum volume efficiency.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                آلات البلوك الثابتة مقابل آلات البلوك المتنقلة<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                • النباتات الثابتة:<\/strong> Fixed installations designed for maximum output and efficiency in a dedicated location. They form the backbone of a permanent production facility.<\/span><\/li>\n
                • الآلات المتنقلة:<\/strong> Mounted on a trailer for easy transport. The ultimate solution for on-site production at large construction projects, eliminating the massive cost and logistics of transporting finished bricks.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                  \n

                  المواصفات الفنية الحرجة للتقييم<\/h2>\n

                  Now, dive into the specs. This is where you separate robust machinery from flimsy imitations.<\/span><\/p>\n

                  القدرة الإنتاجية (الكتل في الساعة \/ اليوم)<\/h3>\n
                    \n
                  • Manufacturer Claims vs. Reality:<\/span><\/strong> A spec sheet may say “2,000 blocks per hour.” This is often a theoretical maximum under ideal conditions. Ask for the <\/span>practical<\/span><\/em> output based on a standard 8-hour shift including setup and minor stoppages.<\/span><\/li>\n
                  • Cycle Time is Key:<\/span><\/strong> The time to complete one mold fill-compact-eject cycle directly determines capacity. A machine with a 20-second cycle time is fundamentally more productive than one with a 30-second cycle.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Pressure & Vibration System<\/span><\/h3>\n

                    This is the heart of your brick’s strength.<\/span><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • الضغط الهيدروليكي:<\/strong> Measured in tons or MPa. Higher pressure compacts the raw material more densely, creating bricks with higher compressive strength and better surface finish.<\/span><\/li>\n
                    • اهتزاز<\/strong> High-frequency vibration is essential for removing air pockets and ensuring an even mix. Ask about:\n<\/span>
                        \n
                      • Vibration motor power (kW) and frequency (Hz).<\/span><\/li>\n
                      • Design of the vibration table (should be unbalanced for effective force distribution).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Power Requirements & Operational Costs<\/span><\/h3>\n
                          \n
                        • مصدر الطاقة<\/strong> Is it electric (single-phase for small units, three-phase for industrial) or diesel-powered? Diesel offers location independence but has higher fuel and maintenance costs.<\/span><\/li>\n
                        • Total Energy Draw:<\/span><\/strong> Don’t just look at the main motor. Account for the mixer, conveyor, and hydraulic pump. Calculate the estimated daily kWh consumption to understand your ongoing overhead.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          Machine Durability & Core Components<\/span><\/h3>\n

                          Inspect what you’re <\/span>حقًا<\/em> buying.<\/span><\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • بناء الإطار:<\/strong> The chassis should be made of heavy-duty, welded steel. A flimsy frame will warp under constant stress, ruining alignment.<\/span><\/li>\n
                          • المكونات الحرجة:<\/strong>\n
                              \n
                            • Hydraulic Cylinders:<\/span><\/strong> Should be from a reputable brand. Seals must be high-quality to prevent leaks.<\/span><\/li>\n
                            • القوالب:<\/strong> The mold cavity defines your brick. It must be made from hardened, high-chromium steel to resist abrasion and maintain precise dimensions.<\/span><\/li>\n
                            • لوحة التحكم والإلكترونيات<\/strong> Look for branded components (e.g., Siemens, Schneider) for reliability. A PLC system is a sign of a more advanced machine.<\/span><\/li>\n
                            • Mixer\/Pan:<\/span><\/strong> Should be robust with durable blades for consistent mixing.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                              \n

                              Beyond the Machine: Evaluating the Supplier<\/span><\/h2>\n

                              You’re not just buying a machine; you’re entering a partnership. A machine without support is a liability.<\/span><\/p>\n

                              Manufacturer Reputation & After-Sales Support<\/span><\/h3>\n
                                \n
                              • Research:<\/span><\/strong> How long have they been in business? Look for genuine client testimonials, video project reviews, and their presence at industry trade shows.<\/span><\/li>\n
                              • After-Sales is Non-Negotiable:<\/span><\/strong> Confirm they offer installation, training, a clear warranty, and a reliable spare parts supply chain. A cheap machine with no support becomes an expensive paperweight.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                The Importance of Installation, Training, and Warranty<\/span><\/h3>\n
                                  \n
                                • Professional Installation:<\/span><\/strong> Incorrect setup can cause premature wear, misalignment, and safety hazards. It should be included or available.<\/span><\/li>\n
                                • تدريب شامل:<\/strong> Operators must be trained on safe operation, routine maintenance, basic troubleshooting, and mold changing.<\/span><\/li>\n
                                • Warranty Scrutiny:<\/span><\/strong> Read it. What is covered (parts, labor)? For how long? What voids the warranty? A 1-year warranty on the core frame and hydraulics is standard.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  Sourcing Quality Molds and Spare Parts<\/span><\/h3>\n
                                    \n
                                  • Molds as Consumables:<\/span><\/strong> Molds wear out. Can the supplier provide replacement molds at a reasonable cost and lead time? Are they compatible?<\/span><\/li>\n
                                  • توفر قطع الغيار<\/strong> Ask for a spare parts price list. A trustworthy supplier will have a stocked inventory of common wear parts (seals, springs, vibration mounts).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                    \n

                                    Financial Considerations & ROI Analysis<\/span><\/h2>\n

                                    Look beyond the sticker price to the total cost and potential return.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                    Understanding the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)<\/span><\/h3>\n

                                    The purchase price is just the beginning. Your TCO includes:<\/span>
                                    \n* Machine Price<\/span>
                                    \n* Shipping, Customs, and Installation<\/span>
                                    \n* Foundation\/Workshop Preparation<\/span>
                                    \n* Initial Raw Material Stockpile<\/span>
                                    \n* Labor Wages<\/span>
                                    \n* Ongoing Power\/Fuel Consumption<\/span>
                                    \n* Planned and Unplanned Maintenance<\/span>
                                    \n* Spare Parts and Mold Replacement<\/span><\/p>\n

                                    Calculating Your Potential Return on Investment (ROI)<\/span><\/h3>\n

                                    A simple framework to gauge viability:<\/span>
                                    \n1. Estimate Daily Revenue:<\/span><\/strong> (Bricks Produced per Day) x (Selling Price per Brick).<\/span>
                                    \n2. Estimate Daily Operating Cost:<\/span><\/strong> (Raw Material Cost + Labor + Power + Misc.).<\/span>
                                    \n3. Calculate Daily Gross Profit:<\/span><\/strong> Revenue – Operating Cost.<\/span>
                                    \n4. Determine Payback Period:<\/span><\/strong> (Total Machine Investment Cost) \/ (Daily Gross Profit) = Approximate Days to Payback.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                    This simple model highlights why a slightly more expensive, more efficient machine can have a faster ROI than a cheap, slow, labor-heavy one.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                    Financing and Budgeting Tips<\/span><\/h3>\n
                                      \n
                                    • Financing:<\/span><\/strong> Many suppliers offer financing plans or can connect you with lenders. Leasing is another option to preserve capital.<\/span><\/li>\n
                                    • Buffer Budget:<\/span><\/strong> Always allocate 10-15% of your total budget for unexpected costs—foundation issues, extra electrical work, or initial raw material trials.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                      \n

                                      FAQ: Your Cement Brick Machine Questions Answered<\/span><\/h2>\n

                                      Q: What is the average cost of a cement brick making machine?<\/span><\/strong>
                                      \nأ:<\/strong> Prices range dramatically from around $2,000 for a basic manual press to over $200,000 for a high-end fully automatic line. A robust semi-automatic machine for a small business typically falls between $15,000 and $50,000. This guide helps you identify which segment aligns with your needs and budget.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      Q: Can one machine produce different types and sizes of bricks?<\/span><\/strong>
                                      \nأ:<\/strong> Yes, absolutely. This is done by changing the mold. The ease and cost of changeover vary: manual machines have simple mold boxes, while automatic lines may require more time and technical skill to switch molds and adjust settings.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      Q: How much space is needed to install a brick making machine?<\/span><\/strong>
                                      \nأ:<\/strong> For a small semi-automatic setup, plan for at least 500-1,000 sq. ft. for the machine, raw material storage, and fresh brick stacking. A full plant with curing racks requires 5,000-10,000+ sq. ft. Mobile units only need space on the job site.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      Q: What is the most common mistake first-time buyers make?<\/span><\/strong>
                                      \nأ:<\/strong> Underestimating their production needs and buying a machine that’s too small or manual. This leads to immediate capacity constraints, inability to meet demand, and the need for a costly upgrade far too soon.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      Q: How important is after-sales service when choosing a supplier?<\/span><\/strong>
                                      \nأ:<\/strong> It is critically important—often more important than a 5-10% lower price. A reliable supplier with strong technical support ensures your machine runs smoothly for years, maximizing your investment. A lack of support can lead to prolonged, profit-killing downtime.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      \n

                                      Conclusion: Making Your Confident Decision<\/span><\/h2>\n

                                      Choosing the right cement brick making machine is a strategic journey. Start by laying a solid foundation with a clear understanding of your <\/span>project needs<\/span><\/strong>. Then, educate yourself on the <\/span>available technologies and their critical specifications<\/span><\/strong>. Finally, conduct thorough due diligence to select a reliable <\/span>supplier partner<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

                                      The optimal choice is the one that strikes a perfect balance: it must meet your technical production requirements, make clear financial sense for your business model, and be backed by a supplier you can trust for the long haul.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                      Your Call to Action:<\/span><\/strong> Use this guide as your checklist. Approach suppliers with informed questions. Request detailed quotations that break down all costs and specifications. And whenever possible, visit an existing plant or the supplier’s showroom to see the machines in action. There is no substitute for seeing, hearing, and understanding the rhythm of a well-operating brick machine before you make your investment.<\/span><\/p>\n<","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                      How to Choose a Cement Brick Making Machine: A Comprehensive Buyer’s Guide Investing in a cement brick making machine is a pivotal decision for any builder, contractor, or entrepreneur. This isn’t just a tool purchase; it’s the foundation of your production capability, product quality, and ultimately, your profitability. The wrong choice can shackle you with […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":28909,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28910","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-cement-brick-making-machines.jpg",1003,587,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-cement-brick-making-machines-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-cement-brick-making-machines-300x176.jpg",300,176,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-cement-brick-making-machines-768x449.jpg",768,449,true],"large":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-cement-brick-making-machines.jpg",1003,587,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-cement-brick-making-machines.jpg",1003,587,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-cement-brick-making-machines.jpg",1003,587,false],"woocommerce_thumbnail":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-cement-brick-making-machines-300x300.jpg",300,300,true],"woocommerce_single":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-cement-brick-making-machines-600x351.jpg",600,351,true],"woocommerce_gallery_thumbnail":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-cement-brick-making-machines-100x100.jpg",100,100,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"admin@yingchengchina.com","author_link":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ar\/author\/adminyingchengchina-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"How to Choose a Cement Brick Making Machine: A Comprehensive Buyer’s Guide Investing in a cement brick making machine is a pivotal decision for any builder, contractor, or entrepreneur. This isn’t just a tool purchase; it’s the foundation of your production capability, product quality, and ultimately, your profitability. The wrong choice can shackle you with…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28910","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28910"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28910\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29034,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28910\/revisions\/29034"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28909"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28910"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28910"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28910"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}