{"id":26897,"date":"2026-02-07T07:28:06","date_gmt":"2026-02-07T07:28:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/?p=26897"},"modified":"2026-02-07T07:28:06","modified_gmt":"2026-02-07T07:28:06","slug":"the-ultimate-guide-to-cement-brick-making-machines-in-malaysia-2026","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ht\/the-ultimate-guide-to-cement-brick-making-machines-in-malaysia-2026\/","title":{"rendered":"Gid Definitif pou Machin Fabrikasyon Brik Siman nan Malezi (2026)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gid Definitif pou Machin Fabrikasyon Brik Siman nan Malezi (2026)<\/h1>\n

Entwodiksyon<\/h2>\n

Syèl Malèzi a se yon prèv nan yon endistri konstriksyon ki toujou an mouvman. Soti nan gwo tou yo nan KLCC rive nan vil rezidansyèl ki gaye toupatou ak pwojè enfrastrikti kritik atravè nasyon an, demann pou materyèl konstriksyon ki fyab ak wo kalite a pa janm te pi wo. Nan nannan eksplozyon konstriksyon sa a, gen yon eleman fondamantal: brik la.<\/p>\n

Pou plizyè deseni, konstriktè yo, kontraktè yo, ak devlopè yo te konte sou founisè brik tradisyonèl yo. Men, depandans sa a souvan vini ak pwoblèm komen yo konnen byen: ogmantasyon pri enprevizib, reta nan chenn apwovizyonman ki deraye chemen kritik yo, ak enkonsistans fristran nan kalite brik soti nan yon lòt pakèt. Defi sa yo manje pwofi, konpwomèt entegrite pwojè a, epi teste delè yo.<\/p>\n

Gen yon solisyon modèn, estratejik ki ap pran anpil enpòtans: pwodiksyon brik siman sou sit la. Lè biznis konstriksyon nan Malèzi envesti nan yon machin pou fè brik siman, yo reprann kontwòl, yo redwi depans yo, epi yo prepare operasyon yo pou lavni. Gid konplè sa a fèt pou sèvi resous definitif ou. Li te konpile apati apèsi endistri yo, analiz teknik, ak yon konpreyansyon pwofon sou peyizaj mache lokal la, li vize bay ekspètiz ou bezwen pou pran yon desizyon konfyan ak enfòme.<\/p>\n

Nan fen atik sa a, ou pral konprann klèman diferan kalite machin ki disponib yo, karakteristik prensipal yo, kijan pou navige nan founisè lokal yo ak depans yo, ak faktè enpòtan yo pou konsidere lè w ap chwazi machin pafè pou echèl pwojè espesifik ou ak anbisyon biznis ou yo.<\/p>\n

Poukisa Konsidere yon Machin pou Fè Brik Siman nan Malezi?<\/h2>\n

Pase de yon achtè brik nan yon pwodiktè brik se yon chanjman estratejik enpòtan. Men poukisa li yon mouvman ki gen anpil sans nan kontèks Malezyen aktyèl la.<\/p>\n

Efikasite Pri ak Kontwòl sou Materyo Br<\/h3>\n

Lojik finansye a se yon bagay ki gen anpil fòs. Lè ou posede yon machin pou fè brik, sa diminye anpil depandans ou genyen ak founisè ekstèn yo ak pri yo ki souvan varye.
\n* Eparg Dirèk:<\/strong>Ou achte materyo prensipal yo—siman, sab, pousyè wòch—dirèkteman, souvan a pri an gwo, ki elimine majorasyon founisè a.
\n* Estabilite Bidjè:<\/strong>Pwoteje pwojè ou kont fluktuiasyon pri sou mache pou brik fini yo.
\n* Apwovizyone Lokal:<\/strong>Sèvi ak agrega lokal ki fasilman disponib, sa ki redwi plis depans transpò materyèl epi sipòte ekonomi lokal yo.<\/p>\n

Fleksibilite Pwodiksyon ak Pèsonalizasyon San Parèy<\/h3>\n

Yon machin transfòme w soti nan yon moun ki pase sèlman resevwa materyèl pou konstriksyon an, pou w vin yon kreyatè aktif ki kreye materyèl sa yo.
\n* Pwodwi sou demann:<\/strong>Fè brik jan sa nesesè pou chak faz yon pwojè, sa diminye anpil bezwen pou espas depo ak gaspiye materyèl ki ka kase pandan yo ap manyen ak transpòte yo.
\n* Libète nan Konsepsyon:<\/strong>Kreye gwosè brik ki pèsonalize, fòm (tankou blòk ki antrelase pou mi ranfò), ak menm koulè pou satisfè desen achitekti espesifik oswa demann kliyan, sa ki bay yon avantaj konpetitif inik.<\/p>\n

Sipòte Objektif Konstriksyon ak Dirabilite Malezi<\/h3>\n

Envestisman ou an aliyen ak objektif nasyonal yo pi laj.
\n* Aliyans Enfrastrikti:<\/strong> Support government-led initiatives in affordable housing and infrastructure development by ensuring a reliable, local supply of materials.<\/span>
\n* Green Potential:<\/span><\/strong> Modern machines allow for the incorporation of industrial by-products like fly ash or slag into your brick mix. This not only can reduce material costs but also contributes to more sustainable construction practices, a growing priority in Malaysia.<\/span><\/p>\n

Asire Kalite Konsistan & Delè Pwojè<\/h3>\n

This is perhaps the most significant operational benefit.<\/span>
\n* Quality in Your Hands:<\/span><\/strong> You have direct control over the concrete mix design, water-cement ratio, and compaction process. This results in uniformly high-strength, durable bricks, batch after batch.<\/span>
\n* Eliminate Delays:<\/span><\/strong> Never face another project stall due to delayed brick deliveries. Your production schedule is entirely in your control, keeping your timelines secure and your clients happy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kalite Machin pou Fè Brik Siman ki Disponib<\/h2>\n

Understanding the categories of machines is the first step to finding your ideal match. They range from simple, hands-on tools to sophisticated industrial systems.<\/span><\/p>\n

Machin pou Fè Brik Manyèl<\/h3>\n

These are the most basic and entry-level units, operating purely on mechanical leverage.<\/span>
\n* Operasyon:<\/strong> The operator manually fills a mold with the wet concrete mix and then uses a lever to apply pressure and compact the brick before ejecting it. No electricity or engine is required.<\/span>
\n* Pi Bon Pou:<\/strong> Ideal for very small-scale projects, DIY enthusiasts, startups testing the market, community projects, or producing specialty items like interlocking pavers for garden landscaping.<\/span>
\n* Avantaj ak Dezavantaj:<\/strong>
\n * Avantaj:<\/strong> Extremely low initial investment, completely portable, minimal maintenance, zero operating energy costs.<\/span>
\n * Desavantaj:<\/strong> Very low output (typically 80-150 bricks per day), physically labor-intensive, quality heavily dependent on operator skill.<\/span><\/p>\n

Machin Semi-Otomatik pou Fè Bri<\/h3>\n

Kategori sa a ofri pi bon balans pou pifò ti a mwayen antrepriz Malaysyen yo, bay asistans mekanize pou yon kalite ki konsistan.
\n* Operasyon:<\/strong> Powered by an electric motor or diesel engine, these machines use a vibrating table to compact the concrete mix within the mold. The key processes of feeding the raw mix and removing the finished bricks are still done manually by an operator.<\/span>
\n* Pi Bon Pou:<\/strong> Small to medium blockyards, contractors undertaking several projects simultaneously, and businesses looking for steady, reliable production without a fully automated system’s capital outlay.<\/span>
\n* Avantaj ak Dezavantaj:<\/strong>
\n * Avantaj:<\/strong> Significantly higher output than manual machines (300 to 2,000+ bricks per day), produces consistent and dense bricks due to mechanical vibration, relatively affordable to operate and maintain.<\/span>
\n * Desavantaj:<\/strong> Requires a steady supply of electricity or fuel, needs a skilled operator for optimal output and quality, still involves considerable manual handling.<\/span><\/p>\n

Machin Konplètman Otonomatik pou Fè Brik<\/h3>\n

These are the powerhouses of brick production, designed for maximum output with minimal manual intervention.<\/span>
\n* Operasyon:<\/strong> These are complete, computerized production lines. They automatically handle batching, mixing, conveying the mix to the mold, high-pressure compaction, curing, and even stacking the finished pallets. They often include sophisticated feedback systems for quality control.<\/span>
\n* Pi Bon Pou:<\/strong> Large-scale brick manufacturing plants, industrial operations supplying major projects or multiple developers, and businesses with an export focus.<\/span>
\n* Avantaj ak Dezavantaj:<\/strong>
\n * Avantaj:<\/strong> Very high output (thousands of bricks per hour), requires minimal labor, delivers exceptional consistency and quality, highly efficient in the long run for large volumes.<\/span>
\n * Desavantaj:<\/strong> Very high initial capital investment, requires significant factory space and stable three-phase power, needs specialized technicians for maintenance and repair.<\/span><\/p>\n

Karakteristik kle ou dwe evalye lè w ap achte<\/h2>\n

Looking beyond the basic type, these technical features will determine how well the machine performs in your specific operation.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kapasite Pwodiksyon (Sòti pou chak È\/Jou)<\/h3>\n

Don’t just buy the biggest machine you can afford. Match the output to your realistic needs.<\/span>
\n* Calculate your average and peak brick requirements based on current and projected project pipelines.<\/span>
\n* Industry practice shows it’s often wiser to run a smaller machine at full capacity than a large machine intermittently. Consider future scalability—can you add a second shift or upgrade later?<\/span><\/p>\n

Brick Type and Size Versatility<\/span><\/h3>\n

The Malaysian market uses a variety of bricks. Ensure your machine can produce what you need to sell.<\/span>
\n* Kalite komen yo:<\/strong> Solid\/hollow blocks, interlocking bricks (for soil stabilization and landscaping), paving blocks (kerbstones, grass pavers), and decorative bricks.<\/span>
\n* Sistèm Mwazi:<\/strong> The ability to quickly change molds is crucial. Investigate the cost and availability of additional molds for different brick sizes (e.g., standard 4″x8″x16″ block, 6″ hollow block) from your supplier.<\/span><\/p>\n

Power Source: Electric, Diesel, or Hybrid?<\/span><\/h3>\n

Your site conditions will dictate the best choice.<\/span>
\n* Elektrik<\/strong> Cleaner, quieter, and cheaper to run per hour—ideal for urban or semi-urban locations with stable grid power.<\/span>
\n* Dizèl:<\/strong> Offers complete independence from the power grid, making it perfect for remote project sites. However, it is noisier, produces emissions, and fuel costs can be variable.<\/span>
\n* Ibrid:<\/strong> Some models offer the flexibility to switch between power sources, providing valuable backup options.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dirabilite ak Sipò Apre Vant<\/h3>\n

This is the most critical long-term consideration and a key pillar of trustworthiness.<\/span>
\n* Kalite Konstriksyon:<\/strong> Look for machines fabricated from high-grade, reinforced steel, especially in the mold, vibration table, and frame. This ensures longevity under constant pressure and vibration.<\/span>
\n* The Non-Negotiable: Local Support.<\/span><\/strong> A machine is a long-term asset. You <\/span>dwe<\/strong> choose a supplier that offers:<\/span>
\n * A clear warranty period and terms.<\/span>
\n * Ready availability of spare parts (like motors, vibration mounts, molds) within Malaysia.<\/span>
\n * Access to trained technicians for installation, commissioning, and repairs.<\/span>
\n * Ask for references from other local customers to verify their service claims.<\/span><\/p>\n

Navigating the Malaysian Market: Suppliers and Costs<\/span><\/h2>\n

Arming yourself with local market knowledge is essential to a smart purchase.<\/span><\/p>\n

Overview of Local Manufacturers vs. International Importers<\/span><\/h3>\n

You have two primary sourcing avenues, each with its own advantages.<\/span>
\n* Local Malaysian Manufacturers:<\/span><\/strong> The major advantage here is support. They understand local standards, climatic conditions, and material properties. Spare parts and service calls are typically faster. They may also offer machines better suited to the scale of many local businesses.<\/span>
\n* International Importers\/Agents:<\/span><\/strong> These suppliers bring in machines from countries like China, India, or Europe. The potential advantages can be access to the latest technology or a lower upfront price point for comparable specs. The critical caveat is to thoroughly vet their after-sales service capability within Malaysia.<\/span><\/p>\n

Understanding the Price Range<\/span><\/h3>\n

Prices vary widely based on automation, capacity, and brand. Use these as <\/span>indicative brackets only<\/span><\/strong>.
\n* Machin Manyèl:<\/strong> RM 1,500 – RM 15,000<\/span>
\n* Machin Semi-Otomatik:<\/strong> RM 15,000 – RM 150,000<\/span>
\n* Plant Konplètman Otomatik:<\/strong> RM 150,000 – RM 1,000,000+<\/span>
\n* Remak:<\/strong> Always get detailed, itemized quotations. The final price will depend on configuration, optional features (like automatic feeders or palletizers), and shipping\/installation costs.<\/span><\/p>\n

Essential Questions to Ask Your Supplier<\/span><\/h3>\n

Go into discussions prepared. Ask these questions:<\/span>
\n1. What is included in the quoted price (installation, basic training, initial set of molds)?<\/span>
\n2. What is the warranty period and what does it specifically cover?<\/span>
\n3. Where is your spare parts warehouse located in Malaysia, and what is the typical lead time for common parts?<\/span>
\n4. Can you provide contact details for 2-3 current customers in Malaysia for a reference check?<\/span>
\n5. Do you offer on-site operator training, and is it included?<\/span><\/p>\n

The Business Case: ROI and Operational Setup<\/span><\/h2>\n

Turning your machine into a profitable asset requires careful planning.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kalkile Retou sou Envestisman (ROI) ou<\/h3>\n

A simple framework can clarify the financial picture.<\/span>
\n1. Total Investment:<\/span><\/strong> Machine cost + installation + initial raw material stock + utility setup.<\/span>
\n2. Operational Costs (Monthly):<\/span><\/strong> Raw materials (cement, sand), utilities (power\/water), labor, maintenance.<\/span>
\n3. Revenue\/Savings:<\/span><\/strong> Calculate the value of bricks you will produce for your own projects (savings from not buying) or the revenue from selling them.<\/span>
\n4. ROI Timeframe:<\/span><\/strong> Divide your Total Investment by your estimated monthly net benefit (Revenue minus Operational Costs). This gives you a rough idea of the payback period.<\/span><\/p>\n

Basic Operational Requirements in Malaysia<\/span><\/h3>\n

To run smoothly, you will need:<\/span>
\n* Espas:<\/strong> A covered, level area for the machine, plus space for raw material storage, mixing, and a curing area. Semi-auto machines may need 500-1,000 sq ft; full auto plants require significantly more.<\/span>
\n* Utilities:<\/span><\/strong> Reliable electricity (single or three-phase as required) and a water connection.<\/span>
\n* Matyè Premye:<\/strong> Establish relationships with reliable suppliers for cement and aggregates. Consistency in raw material quality is key to consistent brick quality.<\/span>
\n* Gerizon:<\/strong> Freshly molded bricks need to be kept moist for several days to gain strength. This usually involves stacking them and covering them with plastic sheeting or using a water sprinkler system.<\/span><\/p>\n

Compliance and Standards<\/span><\/h3>\n

Producing bricks for commercial sale or use in certified projects requires adherence to standards.<\/span>
\n* Familiarize yourself with the relevant <\/span>Malaysian Standards (MS)<\/span><\/strong> for concrete bricks and blocks.<\/span>
\n* For critical projects, bricks may need to be tested for compressive strength and water absorption at accredited labs. Producing certified, quality bricks builds your reputation and allows you to command better prices.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kesyon yo poze souvan (FAQ)<\/h2>\n

Q1: What is the average cost of a cement brick making machine in Malaysia?<\/span><\/strong>
\nA: There’s no single “average” cost. As outlined, manual machines start from a few thousand Ringgit, semi-automatic units range from RM 15,000 to RM 150,000, and fully automatic production lines can cost from RM 150,000 into the millions. The final price depends entirely on the level of automation, production capacity, and brand.<\/span><\/p>\n

Q2: Can I start a brick-making business with a small budget?<\/span><\/strong>
\nA: Absolutely. Many successful businesses start with a single manual or small semi-automatic machine. This allows you to validate the market, build a customer base, and reinvest profits into scaling up your equipment over time. The key is to start within your means and focus on quality.<\/span><\/p>\n

Q3: How much profit can I make from making cement bricks?<\/span><\/strong>
\nA: Profitability is highly variable. It depends on your production efficiency, local market demand and pricing, your operational costs (especially raw materials), and your sales volume. As a hypothetical example, if your cost to produce a standard block is RM 1.20 and you sell it for RM 1.80, your gross profit is RM 0.60 per block. A semi-auto machine producing 2,000 blocks per day could thus generate a gross profit of RM 1,200 daily, before fixed costs.<\/span><\/p>\n

Q4: Where can I find reliable suppliers in Malaysia?<\/span><\/strong>
\nA: Start by searching online B2B directories and industry-specific platforms. Attend construction and machinery trade shows, such as those endorsed by CIDB (Construction Industry Development Board). The most reliable method, however, is the due diligence recommended in this guide: get multiple quotes, ask the essential questions, and insist on checking customer references.<\/span><\/p>\n

Q5: What is the strength and quality of machine-made bricks compared to traditional ones?<\/span><\/strong>
\nA: When operated correctly with a proper mix design, machine-made bricks are generally superior in consistency and strength. The controlled, high-frequency vibration and pressure applied during molding create a denser, less porous brick with higher compressive strength compared to many traditionally produced bricks. This consistency is a major advantage for structural integrity.<\/span><\/p>\n

Konklizyon<\/h2>\n

Investing in a cement brick making machine is more than just purchasing a piece of equipment; it’s a strategic decision to take control of a fundamental part of your construction process. From achieving significant cost savings and ensuring unwavering quality to gaining unparalleled flexibility, the benefits for Malaysian builders and entrepreneurs are substantial.<\/span><\/p>\n

We’ve explored the spectrum of machines—from manual to fully automatic—and highlighted the critical features and local market knowledge you need to choose wisely. Remember, the most expensive machine isn’t always the best; the right machine is the one that matches your scale, budget, and growth trajectory.<\/span><\/p>\n

Use this guide as your foundational research. Then, take the next step: visit the showrooms of shortlisted suppliers, see the machines in operation, and request sample bricks made from your local materials. A hands-on evaluation is invaluable.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ready to explore specific models and take control of your brick supply? Contact reputable Malaysian suppliers today to discuss your project needs and request a detailed, customized quote.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

For more insights on optimizing construction projects and machinery in Malaysia, [subscribe to our newsletter] or explore our related guides on material management and site efficiency.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gid Definitif pou Machin Fabrikasyon Brik Siman nan Malezi (2026) Entwodiksyon Syèl Malèzi a se yon prèv nan yon endistri konstriksyon ki toujou an mouvman. Soti nan gwo tou yo nan KLCC rive nan vil rezidansyèl ki gaye toupatou ak pwojè enfrastrikti kritik atravè nasyon an, demann pou materyèl konstriksyon ki fyab ak wo kalite […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-26897","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"woocommerce_thumbnail":false,"woocommerce_single":false,"woocommerce_gallery_thumbnail":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"admin@yingchengchina.com","author_link":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ht\/author\/adminyingchengchina-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Gid Definitif pou Machin Fabrikasyon Brik Siman nan Malezi (2026) Entwodiksyon Syèl Malèzi a se yon prèv nan yon endistri konstriksyon ki toujou an mouvman. Soti nan gwo tou yo nan KLCC rive nan vil rezidansyèl ki gaye toupatou ak pwojè enfrastrikti kritik atravè nasyon an, demann pou materyèl konstriksyon ki fyab ak wo kalite…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ht\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26897","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ht\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ht\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ht\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ht\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26897"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ht\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26897\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27082,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ht\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26897\/revisions\/27082"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ht\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26897"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ht\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26897"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/ht\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26897"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}