{"id":28755,"date":"2026-04-29T01:13:29","date_gmt":"2026-04-29T01:13:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/?p=28755"},"modified":"2026-04-29T01:13:29","modified_gmt":"2026-04-29T01:13:29","slug":"how-to-choose-a-manual-brick-making-machine-price-guide-buying-tips-in-kenya-2026","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/th\/how-to-choose-a-manual-brick-making-machine-price-guide-buying-tips-in-kenya-2026\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Choose a Manual Brick Making Machine: Price Guide & Buying Tips in Kenya (2026)<\/span>"},"content":{"rendered":"

How to Choose a Manual Brick Making Machine: Price Guide & Buying Tips in Kenya (2026)<\/span><\/h1>\n

บทนำ<\/h2>\n

Picture this: You’re a contractor in Nakuru, ready to take on more housing projects. Or perhaps you’re an entrepreneur in Kisumu, spotting a golden opportunity in the region’s construction boom. The common challenge? Securing a steady, affordable supply of quality bricks. For many Kenyan builders and business starters, investing in a manual brick making machine seems like the perfect solution—until you start looking at prices. The quotes vary wildly, from surprisingly cheap to eye-wateringly expensive.<\/span><\/p>\n

It’s easy to get fixated on the price tag alone. But in Kenya’s vibrant yet practical market, the cheapest option can become the most costly mistake through constant breakdowns and poor-quality output. The real goal isn’t to find the lowest price; it’s to find the best <\/span>มูลค่า<\/em>—a machine that balances cost with durability, efficiency, and reliable support.<\/span><\/p>\n

This guide is your trusted toolkit. We’ll move beyond just listing prices to give you a clear framework for making a smart, informed investment. We’ll break down what truly determines cost, provide realistic 2026 price ranges, and walk you through a step-by-step selection process tailored for the Kenyan context. Let’s build a solid foundation for your venture.<\/span><\/p>\n

Understanding Manual Brick Making Machines in Kenya<\/span><\/h2>\n

Before diving into prices, let’s clarify what you’re buying and why it’s a popular choice across the country.<\/span><\/p>\n

What is a Manual Brick Making Machine and How Does It Work?<\/span><\/h3>\n

A manual brick making machine is a mechanical press operated by human force, typically via a lever system. It doesn’t require electricity or diesel to function. Here’s the simple process:<\/span>
\n1. Mix:<\/span><\/strong> You prepare a mixture of soil, cement, and water to the right consistency.<\/span>
\n2. Fill:<\/span><\/strong> You place this mixture into a mould (a metal box that shapes the brick).<\/span>
\n3. กด:<\/strong> You pull down a long lever, which applies intense pressure to compact the mixture inside the mould.<\/span>
\n4. Eject:<\/span><\/strong> You release the mould and push out a freshly formed, solid brick or block.<\/span><\/p>\n

These machines can produce various types of bricks, which influences their design and price:<\/span>
\n* บล็อกแข็ง<\/strong> Standard, rectangular blocks used for general construction.<\/span>
\n* อิฐประสาน:<\/strong> These have grooves and tongues that lock together, reducing the need for mortar and speeding up wall construction.<\/span>
\n* บล็อกคอนกรีตมวลเบา:<\/strong> Lighter blocks used for specific applications, offering better insulation.<\/span><\/p>\n

Benefits of Using a Manual Machine for Kenyan Businesses<\/span><\/h3>\n

Why does this technology resonate so well in Kenya? The advantages are clear and practical:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • การลงทุนเริ่มต้นต่ำ<\/strong> Compared to electric or hydraulic machines costing hundreds of thousands, manual presses offer the most accessible entry point into brick production.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • ความเป็นอิสระด้านพลังงาน<\/strong> In rural areas where grid electricity is unreliable or non-existent, a manual machine keeps your production running. It’s powered by your team’s effort, not the national grid.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • เรียบง่ายและดูแลรักษาง่าย<\/strong> With no engines, motors, or complex circuitry, there’s very little that can go wrong. Maintenance usually involves just cleaning and occasionally tightening bolts or replacing a worn pin.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Ideal for SMEs and Projects:<\/span><\/strong> The scale is perfect for small to medium enterprises, individual contractors, and community-based projects like building schools or churches. It allows for on-site production, slashing transport costs for materials.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Key Factors That Determine the Price in Kenya<\/span><\/h2>\n

    When you see two machines that look similar but have very different prices, these are the elements creating the gap.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Machine Build Quality & Materials<\/span><\/h3>\n

    This is the most critical factor. The quality of materials used directly dictates longevity and performance.<\/span>
    \n* Mould and Press Parts:<\/span><\/strong> These should be made from <\/span>hardened or high-carbon steel<\/span><\/strong>. A cheap, mild steel mould will wear out quickly when compacting abrasive Kenyan red soil, losing its shape and producing uneven bricks within months.<\/span>
    \n* ความทนทานของโครง<\/strong> The main frame should be made from thick, solid steel plates and bars. A sturdy frame absorbs the repeated pressure without bending or cracking. Lightweight frames compromise stability and safety.<\/span>
    \n* The Cost of Quality:<\/span><\/strong> A machine built with superior materials will cost more upfront but will last for years, producing consistent, saleable bricks. A cheaper machine may need costly repairs or replacement within a single year.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Production Capacity & Brick Size<\/span><\/h3>\n

    How many bricks do you need per day? Capacity is a major price driver.<\/span>
    \n* Single vs. Multi-Brick Moulds:<\/span><\/strong> The most basic (and cheapest) machines produce one brick per press cycle. Machines with moulds for 2, 3, or 4 bricks cost more but significantly increase your daily output.<\/span>
    \n* Output Per Day:<\/span><\/strong> A single-brick machine might produce 500-800 bricks in an 8-hour day with a skilled operator. A 3-brick machine can produce 1,500-2,500. Your business scale should guide this choice.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Features and Functionality<\/span><\/h3>\n

    Added features enhance capability but also add to the cost.<\/span>
    \n* ประเภทอิฐ<\/strong> A standard solid block machine is often simpler and less expensive than an <\/span>interlocking brick machine<\/span><\/strong>, which has a more complex mould design to create the precise locking shapes.<\/span>
    \n* ระบบการสั่นสะเทือน<\/strong> Some manual machines incorporate a simple mechanical vibrator. This extra vibration further compacts the mixture, resulting in denser, stronger bricks that can command a higher market price.<\/span>
    \n* Mobility & Moulds:<\/span><\/strong> Features like welded-on wheels for easy movement or quick-change mould systems (allowing you to switch between brick types) add convenience and a premium to the price.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Brand Reputation & Supplier Reliability<\/span><\/h3>\n

    In Kenya, <\/span>ใคร<\/em> you buy from can be as important as <\/span>อะไร<\/em> you buy.<\/span>
    \n* Established Brands:<\/span><\/strong> Recognized brands (often imported from countries like India or China, but with local dealer support) usually have consistent quality control. You’re paying for proven engineering.<\/span>
    \n* Local Fabrication:<\/span><\/strong> Many capable Kenyan workshops fabricate excellent machines. Their advantage is direct customization and potentially easier after-sales service.<\/span>
    \n* The Real Cost of Support:<\/span><\/strong> A slightly more expensive machine from a supplier with a strong workshop in Industrial Area, Nairobi, or along Mombasa Road is a wiser buy. They can offer warranties, provide spare parts like replacement moulds or levers, and give you technical support via a phone call when needed.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Current Price Range for Manual Brick Machines in Kenya (2026)<\/span><\/h2>\n

    Note: These are estimated price ranges based on current market trends and inflation projections for 2026. Always get fresh quotations from suppliers.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

    Entry-Level Machines (Small Scale \/ Startups)<\/span><\/h3>\n
      \n
    • Price Bracket:<\/span><\/strong> KSh 15,000 – KSh 35,000<\/span><\/li>\n
    • What to Expect:<\/span><\/strong>\n
        \n
      • Single-brick production per cycle.<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Basic design with lighter-gauge steel.<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Lower daily output (500-800 bricks).<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Often suitable for personal projects or very small-scale, occasional production.<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Buyer Advice:<\/span><\/strong> Scrutinize build quality carefully at this price point. Ensure critical stress points are well-welded.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Mid-Range Machines (Most Popular for SMEs)<\/span><\/h3>\n
          \n
        • Price Bracket:<\/span><\/strong> KSh 35,000 – KSh 70,000<\/span><\/li>\n
        • What to Expect:<\/span><\/strong>\n
            \n
          • Multi-brick moulds (2, 3, or 4 bricks per cycle).<\/span><\/li>\n
          • Significantly better build quality with thicker steel.<\/span><\/li>\n
          • Higher daily output (1,000 – 3,000 bricks).<\/span><\/li>\n
          • Often includes models for making <\/span>อิฐบล็อกประสาน<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
          • May have added features like basic vibration or improved ejection systems.<\/span><\/li>\n
          • Buyer Advice:<\/span><\/strong> This is the “sweet spot” for most serious small businesses. It offers the best balance of productivity, durability, and affordability.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            High-Capacity Manual Machines<\/span><\/h3>\n
              \n
            • Price Bracket:<\/span><\/strong> KSh 70,000 – KSh 120,000+<\/span><\/li>\n
            • What to Expect:<\/span><\/strong>\n
                \n
              • Large multi-brick moulds (4+ bricks per cycle) or specialized designs.<\/span><\/li>\n
              • Premium materials throughout (heavy-duty steel, hardened components).<\/span><\/li>\n
              • Enhanced features like efficient vibration systems for superior brick density.<\/span><\/li>\n
              • Designed for high-volume, commercial production.<\/span><\/li>\n
              • Buyer Advice:<\/span><\/strong> Invest here if you have confirmed large contracts or are running a dedicated brick-making yard. The productivity gains justify the investment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                A Step-by-Step Guide to Choosing the Right Machine for You<\/span><\/h2>\n

                Follow this actionable process to match a machine to your specific needs.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Step 1: Assess Your Project Needs and Scale<\/span><\/h3>\n

                Ask yourself these key questions:<\/span>
                \n* Daily Requirement:<\/span><\/strong> How many bricks do I need per day to meet my project deadlines or market demand?<\/span>
                \n* Project Duration:<\/span><\/strong> Is this for a one-off project or a long-term business?<\/span>
                \n* ประเภทอิฐ<\/strong> Does my market or project specification require standard solid blocks or interlocking bricks?<\/span><\/p>\n

                Step 2: Set a Realistic Budget (Beyond the Sticker Price)<\/span><\/h3>\n

                Your total cost includes more than just the machine:<\/span>
                \n* Machine Purchase Price.<\/span>
                \n* Delivery\/Transport:<\/span><\/strong> Getting a 100+ kg machine from Nairobi to a remote site can cost thousands.<\/span>
                \n* วัตถุดิบ:<\/strong> Budget for cement for stabilised bricks and testing your local soil.<\/span>
                \n* Contingency Fund:<\/span><\/strong> Set aside 5-10% for unexpected initial costs.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Step 3: Research and Compare Local Suppliers<\/span><\/h3>\n

                Do not buy blindly from online ads alone.<\/span>
                \n* Prioritize Local Presence:<\/span><\/strong> Choose suppliers with a <\/span>physical workshop or showroom<\/span><\/strong> you can visit.<\/span>
                \n* Check Track Record:<\/span><\/strong> How many years have they been operating? Can they provide references from past customers in your region?<\/span>
                \n* Compare Quotes:<\/span><\/strong> Get detailed quotations from at least 3 suppliers, specifying model, capacity, warranty, and delivery terms.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Step 4: Inspect Before You Invest (If Possible)<\/span><\/h3>\n

                If you can visit, use this checklist:<\/span>
                \n* Welds:<\/span><\/strong> Look for clean, continuous, and robust welding—no cracks or splatter.<\/span>
                \n* Lever Action:<\/span><\/strong> Operate the lever. It should move smoothly without excessive play or grinding.<\/span>
                \n* General Sturdiness:<\/span><\/strong> Try to shake the machine. It should feel solid and not rattle.<\/span>
                \n* Ask for a Demo:<\/span><\/strong> A confident supplier should demonstrate the machine, preferably using soil similar to yours.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Step 5: Evaluate After-Sales Service<\/span><\/h3>\n

                This is non-negotiable for protecting your investment.<\/span>
                \n* การรับประกัน:<\/strong> Demand a clear, written warranty of <\/span>at least 6-12 months<\/span><\/strong> on the frame and moulds.<\/span>
                \n* อะไหล่:<\/strong> Ask specifically about the availability and cost of common spare parts (shear pins, mould faces, levers).<\/span>
                \n* ฝ่ายสนับสนุนทางเทคนิค<\/strong> Get a direct contact (phone, WhatsApp) for technical assistance.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Common Pitfalls to Avoid When Buying<\/span><\/h2>\n

                Learn from the mistakes of others to save time and money.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Choosing Based on Price Alone<\/span><\/h3>\n

                The allure of saving KSh 10,000 upfront can lead to losing KSh 50,000 in downtime, repair costs, and rejected brick batches. <\/span>Value over price.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

                Ignoring Soil Compatibility<\/span><\/h3>\n

                Not all soil is suitable. Clay-heavy soil (common in many parts of Kenya) works well, but sandy soil may need more cement stabilization. A good supplier should offer basic guidance on soil mix ratios.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Overlooking Logistics<\/span><\/h3>\n

                That great deal in Nairobi means little if it costs KSh 20,000 to transport the machine to Turkana. <\/span>Always factor in delivery costs<\/span><\/strong> from the supplier’s location to your site before finalizing the purchase.<\/span><\/p>\n

                คำถามที่พบบ่อย (FAQ)<\/h2>\n

                Q: What is the cheapest manual brick making machine price in Kenya?<\/span><\/strong>
                \nก<\/strong> You can find very basic models advertised from around <\/span>KSh 15,000<\/span><\/strong>. However, we strongly advise extreme caution at this price point. Thoroughly inspect the build quality and verify the supplier’s reputation. An investment of KSh 5,000-10,000 more in the mid-range bracket often yields exponentially better value and reliability.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Q: Can I make interlocking bricks manually, and does it cost more?<\/span><\/strong>
                \nก<\/strong> Absolutely. Specific manual machines are designed to produce interlocking bricks. They are typically in the <\/span>mid to high-end of the price range<\/span><\/strong> (KSh 45,000+) due to the more precise and complex mould design required to create the interlocking shapes accurately.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Q: Where are the best places to buy a manual brick machine in Kenya?<\/span><\/strong>
                \nก<\/strong> Reputable industrial equipment dealers in major hubs like <\/span>Nairobi (Industrial Area, Mombasa Road), Mombasa, Kisumu, and Eldoret<\/span><\/strong> are good starting points. Also, consider well-known local fabricators with a strong track record. Always prioritize suppliers with a verifiable physical address, a service history, and willing customer references.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Q: How profitable is the manual brick making business in Kenya?<\/span><\/strong>
                \nก<\/strong> Profitability hinges on several factors beyond the machine: your production efficiency, the quality and consistency of your bricks, local market demand and pricing, and your business management skills. With good quality bricks, efficient operation, and a steady market, it can be a very viable SME. The machine is your tool; your business acumen determines the profit.<\/span><\/p>\n

                Q: What warranty should I expect?<\/span><\/strong>
                \nก<\/strong> You should expect a minimum of <\/span>6 months<\/span><\/strong> on major structural parts like the frame and moulds. A <\/span>1-year warranty<\/span><\/strong> is a strong sign of a confident and reliable supplier. Crucially, ensure the warranty terms are clearly stated on your official purchase receipt or invoice.<\/span><\/p>\n

                สรุป<\/h2>\n

                Choosing a manual brick making machine in Kenya is fundamentally about making a strategic investment, not just a simple purchase. The “best price” is the one that secures you a reliable partner in production—a durable machine backed by a supportive supplier that matches your business scale and goals.<\/span><\/p>\n

                By understanding the factors that drive cost, applying the step-by-step selection guide, and diligently avoiding common pitfalls, you empower yourself to make a decision you won’t regret. This informed approach lays the groundwork, quite literally, for a sustainable, productive, and profitable venture. Now, with the right machine as your foundation, you’re ready to build something great.<\/span><\/p>\n<","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                How to Choose a Manual Brick Making Machine: Price Guide & Buying Tips in Kenya (2026) บทนำ Picture this: You’re a contractor in Nakuru, ready to take on more housing projects. Or perhaps you’re an entrepreneur in Kisumu, spotting a golden opportunity in the region’s construction boom. The common challenge? Securing a steady, affordable supply […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":28754,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28755","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-manual-brick-making-machine-price-in-kenya.jpg",1003,587,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-manual-brick-making-machine-price-in-kenya-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-manual-brick-making-machine-price-in-kenya-300x176.jpg",300,176,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-manual-brick-making-machine-price-in-kenya-768x449.jpg",768,449,true],"large":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-manual-brick-making-machine-price-in-kenya.jpg",1003,587,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-manual-brick-making-machine-price-in-kenya.jpg",1003,587,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-manual-brick-making-machine-price-in-kenya.jpg",1003,587,false],"woocommerce_thumbnail":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-manual-brick-making-machine-price-in-kenya-300x300.jpg",300,300,true],"woocommerce_single":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-manual-brick-making-machine-price-in-kenya-600x351.jpg",600,351,true],"woocommerce_gallery_thumbnail":["https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/how-to-choose-a-manual-brick-making-machine-price-in-kenya-100x100.jpg",100,100,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"admin@yingchengchina.com","author_link":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/th\/author\/adminyingchengchina-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"How to Choose a Manual Brick Making Machine: Price Guide & Buying Tips in Kenya (2026) บทนำ Picture this: You’re a contractor in Nakuru, ready to take on more housing projects. Or perhaps you’re an entrepreneur in Kisumu, spotting a golden opportunity in the region’s construction boom. The common challenge? Securing a steady, affordable supply…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28755","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28755"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28755\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29111,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28755\/revisions\/29111"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28754"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28755"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28755"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tophighmachinery.com\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28755"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}